內在意圖 (Intention) 的起源

The Origin of Intention

人與外界相處的一個典型特點在於，新奇之物無論多麼吸引人，最終都會變得平淡無奇。就像天上飄動的雲朵，現實不斷變換著模樣，但這變化的速度卻慢得難以察覺。而物質實現 (Material realisation) 在替代空間 (Alternatives space) 中的運行，恰似雲朵的形成過程；只有當這段過程被錄製下來並加速播放後，我們才能真正見識到它的變化。(Note: 將外界新奇事物漸變平凡的現象作比喻)

A characteristic feature of the relationship people have with the outside world is that anything new is eventually treated as something mundane. Like clouds in the sky, reality constantly changes in appearance, but the rate of change is too slow for us to perceive. The movement of material realisation through the alternatives space is like the movement involved in cloud formation. We can only perceive it when it is captured on film and the footage is sped up.

即便那短暫點亮生命的新鮮感，也會迅速黯淡；異乎尋常終究變成平常，而盛宴的歡愉也會消解入每日的例行公事中。最終，生活變得乏味無趣……(Note: 論述快樂的轉瞬即逝)

Even the freshness of change that brightens life in short bursts dulls just as quickly. The unusual becomes the ordinary and the delight of the feast dissolves into the everyday routine. Life becomes boring…

借用一個反問，我想問：究竟什麼是無聊？對無聊下個全面且通俗的定義實在不易，不如探討如何徹底擊退它。為了逃離日常單調，心與腦總會自創各式各樣的玩具和遊戲，讓我們得以體驗新奇而不同的感受。畢竟，玩具是對抗無聊的良藥，而遊戲更是上乘之選。(Note: 提出用玩樂來抵禦無聊的觀點)

Just as a rhetorical question I would like to ask: What is boredom? It is difficult to give a comprehensive and intelligible definition of boredom. It would be easier to describe how to fight boredom. In an attempt to survive the monotony of everyday life the heart and mind make up all kinds of toys and games to help us experience something new and unusual. A toy is a good remedy for boredom and a game is an even better one.

除了溜冰之外，捉迷藏、抓人等遊戲同樣充滿樂趣且廣受歡迎。隨著年紀增長，人們會想出更具創意的娛樂方式，從體育競賽到虛擬現實，無不如此。其實，許多職業在本質上也不過是一場遊戲。(Note: 表達遊戲與職業之間的有趣聯繫)

Besides skating, games like hide-and-seek, catch etc are great fun and extremely popular. As a person gets older they think up more sophisticated means of amusing themselves from sports contests to virtual reality. Many professions are in essence nothing other than a game.

為何會這麼說呢？試著想一想，有哪些職業無法被看作是一場遊戲？不管人們在做什麼，本質上都只是在玩。大人總喜歡說孩子玩的僅僅是遊戲，但事實上，成年人也在「玩」，只是他們自大地把這種「玩」叫作工作罷了。(Note: 諷刺成人對工作的認知)

Why do I say many? Try and name a profession that could not be perceived as a game. Whatever a person does, in reality they are just playing. In their superiority grown-ups call what children do a game but adults are also playing. It is just that they self-importantly refer to their ‘play’ as work.

無論是孩子還是大人，他們對自己的活動都採取著極為認真的態度。當你問一個孩子「你在做什麼？」時，他們會非常認真甚至帶著一絲誠懇地回答：「我在玩！」而當你試圖打斷大人的工作時，他們卻憤然回應：「我正在做重要的事！」(Note: 對比孩童與成人對「玩」與「做事」的稱謂)

Both take a very responsible attitude towards their activities. Ask a child what they are doing and they will answer you with great seriousness, even earnestness: “I am playing!” Try distracting an adult from their work and they will respond with indignation; “I am doing something important”.

因此，遊戲其實是一件嚴肅的事。那麼，當孩子不在忙著玩時，他們通常只會胡鬧；而成年人呢？他們也總是顯得散漫無為——這正是大人們自詡的“工作”狀態。但什麼都不做很快就會變得無聊，於是你又會想尋找新的遊戲來消遣。(Note: 論述空閒與創新的循環)

So the game is a serious matter. What does a child do when they are not occupied with a game? As a rule they just muck about. So what about the grown- ups? They slob out; that is just what the adults call it. But doing nothing soon becomes boring and then you want to play a new game.

那我們究竟為何需要遊戲？僅僅是為了解除生活的無聊嗎？換個角度來看：無聊源於何處？也許正是因為外界刺激不足？(Note: 探討無聊背後的根本原因)

So why do we need games if only to relieve the boredom of life? Let us put the question differently: what causes boredom? Insufficient stimulus perhaps?

這個問題絕非表面那麼輕率。我們對遊戲與玩樂的熱情，源自於與我們生活的世界一樣古老的本能。生物最根本的需求究竟是什麼？是生存與自我保護的本能嗎？這是普遍的刻板印象，但卻不是答案；或許是生殖的慾望？也同樣不對。那麼，究竟是什麼呢？(Note: 提出核心問題)

This question is not as trivial as it might seem. The basis of our passion for games and play is as ancient as the world we live in. What is the fundamental need of living beings? Survival and the instinct for self-preservation? This is the accepted stereotype, although it is not the correct answer. Could it be the desire to reproduce? Again this is not the right answer. So, what is it then?

最根本的需求，其實是能夠獨立掌控自己的人生。這是驅動所有生物行為的基本原則。其他一切——包括生存以及生殖本能——都只是這一主原則的衍生結果。換句話說，所有生物的最終目標在於掌握並控制他們的現實。(Note: 強調自主掌控的重要性)

The primary need is to be able to independently manage our own lives. This is the fundamental principle underlying the behaviour of all living beings. Everything else, including survival and reproductive instincts are a consequence of this main principle. In other words, the goal and purpose of all living beings is to control their reality.

然而，如果外部世界獨立運作，且以完全失控甚至敵對的方式行事，那麼想要掌控現實就成了一件不可能的事。總有人試圖搶你的食物，逼你離開那舒適的小角落，甚至把你當作下一頓大餐。當你感到自己無法選擇如何生活、任由生活發生時，那種無助與恐懼會催生出一種內心不斷乃至下意識地渴望掌控周遭世界的情緒。(Note: 討論無力感與掌控慾)

However, it is impossible to control reality if the outside world exists independently of you and behaves in a totally uncontrollable or even hostile manner. There will always be others who want to steal your food, drive you out of a cosy corner or even devour you as their next meal. It is hard and even scary when you are not choosing how to live your life and you feel that life is just happening to you instead and there is nothing you can do about it. This gives rise to the insistent and sometimes unconscious desire to control the world around you.

這個結論可能會令很多人驚訝：「一直以來我們都認為生存本能是最重要的，現在卻說這僅僅是某種更根本因素的後果？」(Note: 顛覆傳統觀點)

This conclusion will come as a surprise to many: “It has always been obvious that the survival instinct was primary and now you are telling us that is it in fact just a consequence of something more fundamental?”

初聽之下似乎怪異，但細想之下，生物無論從事何種活動（包括生存與繁殖），歸根到底都是在努力將這個世界的現實納入己控。這正是所有生物行為背後那份內在意圖 (Intention) 的根本動力與起源。(Note: 強調意圖的本質)

It only seems strange at first. When you think about it, whatever activity a living creature is engaged in (including survival and reproduction) everything comes down to the attempt to bring the reality of the world under control. This is the key motive and primary origin of all intention underlying the activities of living beings.

所謂的不活躍，其實就是失去控制。也因此，無聊本身並不存在；存在的只是那股持續且永不滿足的渴望——渴望把現實掌握在自己手中，讓它遵從你的意志。從這個意義上說，遊戲就是一種模擬可控現實的方式。(Note: 說明遊戲如何滿足控制慾)

Inactivity is the absence of control. Consequently, boredom as such does not exist. What exists is a consistent and insatiable thirst to control one’s reality; to somehow subject it to your own will. In this sense, a game is a way of modelling controllable reality.

舉例來說，有些鳥兒特別喜歡玩弄松果。松果是那獨立且無法掌控的現實中的一個小粒子，但當鳥兒把松果納入自遊戲中，這顆小小粒子及其代表的部分現實便變得可被掌握到一定程度。(Note: 以生動比喻說明遊戲如何改變我們對現實的感知)

Some kinds of birds for example love to play with pine cones. The pine cone is a particle of an independent, uncontrollable reality. As soon as the bird makes the pine cone a piece of its game that particle and to some degree reality itself becomes controllable.

溜冰或滑行也是一種掌控的方式。現實承載著我，但總是以我所期望的方式運行。在某種程度上，其他類型的遊戲也遵循同樣的規則：「變成我希望你成為的樣子」。遊戲的劇本或多或少已被預定，因而情勢顯得相當可預見。當然，也有其他較難以引導的遊戲，但所有遊戲基本上都可歸結為一件事：用你的意志 (Intention) 來掌控眼前發生的一切。(Note: 強調掌控與預設模式的觀念)

Skating or sliding is also a kind of control. Reality carries me but in the way I want it to. To some extent any other type of game follows the same rule: “Be what I want you to be”. The game script is more or less predetermined which makes the situation fairly predictable. There are, of course, other games in which is it more difficult to lead but all games can basically be reduced to one and the same thing: to control what is happening with your will.

對觀眾而言，任何可見的景象都是一場模擬現實掌控的遊戲。音樂、書籍、電影和節目，就像是心靈擺動的節奏般，能使那些緊張且疲憊的念頭頓時中斷，並轉化為隨著優雅旋律或迷人故事翱翔的輕快感。無論影片中主角如何起伏，我們所見的都是一個被馴服、被規劃過的現實版本，因此旁觀者可得以放鬆心情，盡情欣賞這場表演。(Note: 將文藝作品比作現實掌控的縮影)

To the observer any kind of visible spectacle represents a game which models the control of reality. Music, books, films and shows are all swings for the heart and mind. The exhausting stream of tense thoughts ceases and is transformed into a flight on the wings of an elegant melody or captivating story. Whatever might happen to the main characters in a film what we are watching is a tamed, trained version of reality and so the observer can relax and enjoy the show.

即便在睡夢中，我們與現實互動的遊戲也從未停止。心與腦在夢境中享受著樂趣，那裡的現實會隨著微妙的意圖 (Intention) 輕輕地被塑形。(Note: 描述夢境中潛意識的掌控)

Games in which we play with reality never cease even when we are sleeping. The heart and mind take pleasure in the world of dreaming where reality is subtly shaped to the light puff of intention.

最後，憑藉想像力所進行的遊戲也是塑造現實的一種可行方式。人們甚至會創造出還不存在的現實，只為了試著掌控它。科幻作品之所以顯得異類，正因為它與現實隔得極遠；而我們熟悉的現實雖普遍存在，卻也因難以影響而顯得難以觸及。(Note: 探討虛構與真實的對比)

Finally, games of the imagination are another acceptable method of shaping reality. A person will even make up a reality that does not exist yet just to play at being in control. Science-fiction is unusual. It remains unusual for as long as it is unreal and far removed from our lives. Reality is commonplace because of its proximity and yet it retains a quality of being inaccessible because it is hard to influence.

話雖如此，這些遊戲並非都是為了對抗無聊而編造的。日常現實之所以顯得平凡無奇，不是因為它無趣，而是因為它無法被完全掌控。讓現實完全服從「變成我希望你成為的樣子」的規則，幾乎是不可能的。因此，作為人類，我們努力逃避那無法掌控的現實，轉而投身於一個一切皆簡單且可預測的遊戲之中。(Note: 強調逃避無法控制現實的動機)

Generally speaking none of these games are made up in the effort against boredom. Everyday reality is not boring; it is mundane because it is uncontrollable. It is difficult to make everyday reality conform to the rule: “be as I want you to be”. Hence as human beings we strive to hide from the nature of reality in a game where everything is simple and predictable.

然而，現實的必然性無處可藏。每個人的生活都深受自己所處環境與社會地位的影響；大多數情況下，現實的發展並不顧及個人的意志。每當你說「我想要」時，總會伴隨著「你無法」；對每個「給我」的呼聲，也只會聽到「你得不到」。在這種情況下，我們究竟該如何應對？(Note: 討論現實與個人意志間的矛盾)

Nonetheless, there is nowhere to hide from the inevitability of reality. The life of any individual is conditioned by their circumstances and position in society. Mostly, reality develops irrespective of personal will. To every “I want” there seems to be a “you cannot”. To every “give me” you will hear “you are not getting it”. So what is to be done given these conditions?

一般而言，人們的行為都十分明確。在追求目標時，他們常以直接且線性的方式試圖影響周遭環境，奉行著「給我」的原則。這種基於直接接觸的影響是控制的一種形式，儘管它並非唯一的方法，但確實是最有效的之一。(Note: 強調直接控制的方式)

As a rule people are fairly unambiguous in their behaviour. In trying to get what they want they try to influence their environment in a linear, direct way according to the principle of “give it to me”. Direct influence based on immediate contact is one form of control. But it is not the only form and is by far the most effective.

我們將採取截然不同的做法：把手藏在背後，讓世界自動在半路上迎合我們的欲望。接下來的一切，皆關於如何實現這一策略。Transurfing 提供了一種不需要直接干預而能掌控現實的技術，它不僅僅像遊戲那樣取樂，而是真正地塑造現實。(Note: 探討間接控制現實的方法)

We will go about things in a different way. We will hide our hands behind our back and make the world meet our desires half-way. Everything that comes next will relate to how we can do this. Transurfing is a technique for controlling reality without direct impact, only not for fun as in a game, but for real.

意圖的起源

The Origin of Intention

人們與外界關係的一個特徵是，任何新事物最終都被視為平凡之物。就像天空中的雲一樣，現實的外觀不斷變化，但變化的速度太慢，我們無法察覺。物質實現(Material realisation)在可能性空間(Alternatives space)中的運動就像雲的形成過程。我們只能在影片中捕捉到它，並加速播放時才能感知。

A characteristic feature of the relationship people have with the outside world is that anything new is eventually treated as something mundane. Like clouds in the sky, reality constantly changes in appearance, but the rate of change is too slow for us to perceive. The movement of material realisation through the alternatives space is like the movement involved in cloud formation. We can only perceive it when it is captured on film and the footage is sped up.

即使是短暫的變化新鮮感，也會迅速變得乏味。不同尋常的事物變得平常，盛宴的喜悅溶解在日常的例行公事中。生活變得無聊……

Even the freshness of change that brightens life in short bursts dulls just as quickly. The unusual becomes the ordinary and the delight of the feast dissolves into the everyday routine. Life becomes boring…

作為一個修辭性問題，我想問：什麼是無聊？很難給無聊一個全面且易懂的定義。描述如何對抗無聊會更容易。為了在日常生活的單調中生存，心靈和心靈創造了各種玩具和遊戲，幫助我們體驗新奇和不同尋常的事物。玩具是對抗無聊的良藥，而遊戲則更好。

Just as a rhetorical question I would like to ask: What is boredom? It is difficult to give a comprehensive and intelligible definition of boredom. It would be easier to describe how to fight boredom. In an attempt to survive the monotony of everyday life the heart and mind make up all kinds of toys and games to help us experience something new and unusual. A toy is a good remedy for boredom and a game is an even better one.

除了滑冰，捉迷藏、追逐等遊戲都非常有趣且極受歡迎。隨著年齡的增長，人們想出更複雜的娛樂方式，從體育競賽到虛擬現實。許多職業本質上無非是一場遊戲。

Besides skating, games like hide-and-seek, catch etc are great fun and extremely popular. As a person gets older they think up more sophisticated means of amusing themselves from sports contests to virtual reality. Many professions are in essence nothing other than a game.

為什麼我說很多？試著說出一個不能被視為遊戲的職業。無論一個人做什麼，實際上他們只是在玩。成年人自以為是地稱孩子們的活動為遊戲，但成年人也在玩。只不過他們自命不凡地稱他們的“遊戲”為工作。

Why do I say many? Try and name a profession that could not be perceived as a game. Whatever a person does, in reality they are just playing. In their superiority grown-ups call what children do a game but adults are also playing. It is just that they self-importantly refer to their ‘play’ as work.

兩者都對他們的活動採取非常負責的態度。問一個孩子他們在做什麼，他們會非常認真地回答你，甚至是認真地說：“我在玩！”試著讓一個成年人從工作中分心，他們會憤怒地回應：“我在做重要的事情。”

Both take a very responsible attitude towards their activities. Ask a child what they are doing and they will answer you with great seriousness, even earnestness: “I am playing!” Try distracting an adult from their work and they will respond with indignation; “I am doing something important”.

所以遊戲是一件嚴肅的事情。當孩子不玩遊戲時，他們會做什麼？通常他們只是胡鬧。那成年人呢？他們懶散；這就是成年人所說的。但無所事事很快就會變得無聊，然後你會想玩一個新遊戲。

So the game is a serious matter. What does a child do when they are not occupied with a game? As a rule they just muck about. So what about the grown- ups? They slob out; that is just what the adults call it. But doing nothing soon becomes boring and then you want to play a new game.

那麼，為什麼我們需要遊戲，只是為了緩解生活的無聊？讓我們換個方式問：什麼導致無聊？可能是刺激不足？

So why do we need games if only to relieve the boredom of life? Let us put the question differently: what causes boredom? Insufficient stimulus perhaps?

這個問題並不像看起來那麼瑣碎。我們對遊戲和娛樂的熱情的基礎和我們生活的世界一樣古老。生物的基本需求是什麼？生存和自我保護的本能？這是公認的刻板印象，儘管這不是正確的答案。可能是繁殖的願望？這也不是正確的答案。那麼，到底是什麼呢？

This question is not as trivial as it might seem. The basis of our passion for games and play is as ancient as the world we live in. What is the fundamental need of living beings? Survival and the instinct for self-preservation? This is the accepted stereotype, although it is not the correct answer. Could it be the desire to reproduce? Again this is not the right answer. So, what is it then?

首要需求是能夠獨立管理自己的生活。這是所有生物行為的基本原則。其他一切，包括生存和繁殖本能，都是這一主要原則的結果。換句話說，所有生物的目標和目的都是控制他們的現實。

The primary need is to be able to independently manage our own lives. This is the fundamental principle underlying the behaviour of all living beings. Everything else, including survival and reproductive instincts are a consequence of this main principle. In other words, the goal and purpose of all living beings is to control their reality.

然而，如果外界獨立於你而存在，並以完全不可控甚至敵對的方式行事，那麼控制現實是不可能的。總會有其他人想要偷走你的食物，把你趕出舒適的角落，甚至把你當作下一頓飯吃掉。當你無法選擇如何生活，感覺生活只是發生在你身上，而你無能為力時，這是困難甚至可怕的。這引發了對控制周圍世界的執著和有時無意識的渴望。

However, it is impossible to control reality if the outside world exists independently of you and behaves in a totally uncontrollable or even hostile manner. There will always be others who want to steal your food, drive you out of a cosy corner or even devour you as their next meal. It is hard and even scary when you are not choosing how to live your life and you feel that life is just happening to you instead and there is nothing you can do about it. This gives rise to the insistent and sometimes unconscious desire to control the world around you.

這個結論會讓許多人感到驚訝：“生存本能一直是顯而易見的首要因素，現在你告訴我們，這實際上只是更基本的東西的結果？”

This conclusion will come as a surprise to many: “It has always been obvious that the survival instinct was primary and now you are telling us that is it in fact just a consequence of something more fundamental?”

起初這似乎很奇怪。當你仔細思考時，無論生物從事何種活動（包括生存和繁殖），一切都歸結為試圖將世界的現實置於控制之下。這是所有生物活動背後意圖(Intention)的關鍵動機和主要起源。

It only seems strange at first. When you think about it, whatever activity a living creature is engaged in (including survival and reproduction) everything comes down to the attempt to bring the reality of the world under control. This is the key motive and primary origin of all intention underlying the activities of living beings.

不活動就是缺乏控制。因此，無聊本身並不存在。存在的是一種持續且無法滿足的渴望，想要控制自己的現實；以某種方式使其服從你的意志。在這個意義上，遊戲是一種模擬可控現實的方式。

Inactivity is the absence of control. Consequently, boredom as such does not exist. What exists is a consistent and insatiable thirst to control one’s reality; to somehow subject it to your own will. In this sense, a game is a way of modelling controllable reality.

例如，有些鳥類喜歡玩松果。松果是獨立、不可控現實的一部分。一旦鳥將松果變成遊戲的一部分，那顆粒子和在某種程度上現實本身就變得可控。

Some kinds of birds for example love to play with pine cones. The pine cone is a particle of an independent, uncontrollable reality. As soon as the bird makes the pine cone a piece of its game that particle and to some degree reality itself becomes controllable.

滑冰或滑行也是一種控制。現實帶著我，但以我想要的方式。在某種程度上，任何其他類型的遊戲都遵循同樣的規則：“成為我想要的樣子。”遊戲劇本或多或少是預先確定的，這使得情況相當可預測。當然，也有其他遊戲更難以引導，但所有遊戲基本上都可以歸結為一件事：用你的意志控制正在發生的事情。

Skating or sliding is also a kind of control. Reality carries me but in the way I want it to. To some extent any other type of game follows the same rule: “Be what I want you to be”. The game script is more or less predetermined which makes the situation fairly predictable. There are, of course, other games in which is it more difficult to lead but all games can basically be reduced to one and the same thing: to control what is happening with your will.

對於觀察者來說，任何可見的景象都代表著一場模擬現實控制的遊戲。音樂、書籍、電影和表演都是心靈和心靈的鞦韆。緊張思想的疲憊流停止，轉化為優雅旋律或迷人故事的翅膀上的飛行。無論電影中的主角發生什麼，我們所觀看的是一個馴化、訓練過的現實版本，因此觀察者可以放鬆並享受表演。

To the observer any kind of visible spectacle represents a game which models the control of reality. Music, books, films and shows are all swings for the heart and mind. The exhausting stream of tense thoughts ceases and is transformed into a flight on the wings of an elegant melody or captivating story. Whatever might happen to the main characters in a film what we are watching is a tamed, trained version of reality and so the observer can relax and enjoy the show.

我們與現實玩耍的遊戲即使在我們睡覺時也不會停止。心靈和心靈在夢境中享受樂趣，那裡的現實被微妙地塑造成意圖(Intention)的輕輕一吹。

Games in which we play with reality never cease even when we are sleeping. The heart and mind take pleasure in the world of dreaming where reality is subtly shaped to the light puff of intention.

最後，想像力的遊戲是塑造現實的另一種可接受的方法。一個人甚至會編造一個尚不存在的現實，只是為了假裝自己在控制中。科幻小說很不尋常。只要它不真實且與我們的生活相距甚遠，它就會保持不尋常。現實因其接近性而顯得平凡，但它仍然保留著一種難以接近的特質，因為它很難影響。

Finally, games of the imagination are another acceptable method of shaping reality. A person will even make up a reality that does not exist yet just to play at being in control. Science-fiction is unusual. It remains unusual for as long as it is unreal and far removed from our lives. Reality is commonplace because of its proximity and yet it retains a quality of being inaccessible because it is hard to influence.

總的來說，這些遊戲都不是為了對抗無聊而編造的。日常現實並不無聊；它是平凡的，因為它是不可控的。很難讓日常現實符合這條規則：“成為我想要的樣子。”因此，作為人類，我們努力在一個一切簡單且可預測的遊戲中隱藏現實的本質。

Generally speaking none of these games are made up in the effort against boredom. Everyday reality is not boring; it is mundane because it is uncontrollable. It is difficult to make everyday reality conform to the rule: “be as I want you to be”. Hence as human beings we strive to hide from the nature of reality in a game where everything is simple and predictable.

然而，無法逃避現實的必然性。任何個體的生活都受到其環境和社會地位的制約。大多數情況下，現實的發展不受個人意志的影響。對於每一個“我想要”，似乎都有一個“你不能”。對於每一個“給我”，你會聽到“你得不到”。那麼，在這些條件下該怎麼辦？

Nonetheless, there is nowhere to hide from the inevitability of reality. The life of any individual is conditioned by their circumstances and position in society. Mostly, reality develops irrespective of personal will. To every “I want” there seems to be a “you cannot”. To every “give me” you will hear “you are not getting it”. So what is to be done given these conditions?

通常，人們的行為相當明確。為了獲得他們想要的東西，他們試圖根據“給我”的原則以線性、直接的方式影響他們的環境。基於直接接觸的直接影響是一種控制形式。但這不是唯一的形式，遠不是最有效的。

As a rule people are fairly unambiguous in their behaviour. In trying to get what they want they try to influence their environment in a linear, direct way according to the principle of “give it to me”. Direct influence based on immediate contact is one form of control. But it is not the only form and is by far the most effective.

我們將以不同的方式進行。我們會把手藏在背後，讓世界在中途滿足我們的願望。接下來的一切都將與我們如何做到這一點有關。Transurfing是一種不直接影響現實的控制技術，不是像遊戲那樣為了娛樂，而是為了真實。

We will go about things in a different way. We will hide our hands behind our back and make the world meet our desires half-way. Everything that comes next will relate to how we can do this. Transurfing is a technique for controlling reality without direct impact, only not for fun as in a game, but for real.

意圖的起源

The Origin of Intention

人與外部世界關係的特徵是，任何新事物最終被視為平凡。就像天上的雲，現實不斷改變外觀，但變化速度太慢，我們無法察覺。物質實現 (Material Realisation) 通過另闢蹊徑之空間 (Alternatives Space) 的移動像雲形成。我們只能在拍攝並加速播放時感知。

A characteristic feature of the relationship people have with the outside world is that anything new is eventually treated as something mundane. Like clouds in the sky, reality constantly changes in appearance, but the rate of change is too slow for us to perceive. The movement of material realisation through the alternatives space is like the movement involved in cloud formation. We can only perceive it when it is captured on film and the footage is sped up.

即使點亮生活的變化新鮮感也很快黯淡。不尋常變成平常，盛宴的喜悅溶入日常例行。生活變無聊…

Even the freshness of change that brightens life in short bursts dulls just as quickly. The unusual becomes the ordinary and the delight of the feast dissolves into the everyday routine. Life becomes boring…

作為修辭問題，我想問：什麼是無聊？很難給無聊一個全面且易懂的定義。描述如何對抗無聊更容易。為在單調日常中生存，心與頭腦發明各種玩具和遊戲，幫助體驗新奇。玩具是無聊的良藥，遊戲更好。

Just as a rhetorical question I would like to ask: What is boredom? It is difficult to give a comprehensive and intelligible definition of boredom. It would be easier to describe how to fight boredom. In an attempt to survive the monotony of everyday life the heart and mind make up all kinds of toys and games to help us experience something new and unusual. A toy is a good remedy for boredom and a game is an even better one.

除了滑冰，捉迷藏、追逐等遊戲非常有趣，受歡迎。隨著年齡增長，人們想出更複雜的娛樂方式，從運動比賽到虛擬現實。許多職業本質上是遊戲。

Besides skating, games like hide-and-seek, catch etc are great fun and extremely popular. As a person gets older they think up more sophisticated means of amusing themselves from sports contests to virtual reality. Many professions are in essence nothing other than a game.

為什麼說許多？試著命名一個不被視為遊戲的職業。無論人做什麼，實際上他們在玩。成人自以為高人一等，稱孩子做的事為遊戲，但成人也在玩。只是他們自命不凡地稱“玩”為工作。

Why do I say many? Try and name a profession that could not be perceived as a game. Whatever a person does, in reality they are just playing. In their superiority grown-ups call what children do a game but adults are also playing. It is just that they self-importantly refer to their ‘play’ as work.

兩者對活動態度都很認真。問孩子在做什麼，他們會非常認真甚至嚴肅回答：“我在玩！”試圖打斷成人的工作，他們會憤怒回應：“我在做重要的事。”

Both take a very responsible attitude towards their activities. Ask a child what they are doing and they will answer you with great seriousness, even earnestness: “I am playing!” Try distracting an adult from their work and they will respond with indignation; “I am doing something important”.

所以遊戲是嚴肅的事。孩子不玩遊戲時做什麼？通常只是瞎搞。那成人呢？他們懶散；成人這樣稱。但無所事事很快變無聊，然後你想玩新遊戲。

So the game is a serious matter. What does a child do when they are not occupied with a game? As a rule they just muck about. So what about the grown- ups? They slob out; that is just what the adults call it. But doing nothing soon becomes boring and then you want to play a new game.

那為什麼需要遊戲，只是為了緩解生活的無聊？讓我們換個問法：什麼導致無聊？刺激不足？

So why do we need games if only to relieve the boredom of life? Let us put the question differently: what causes boredom? Insufficient stimulus perhaps?

這問題不如看起來簡單。我們對遊戲的熱情源於世界古老的基礎。生物的基本需求是什麼？生存和自我保護本能？這是接受的刻板印象，但不正確。繁殖的渴望？也不對。那是什麼？

This question is not as trivial as it might seem. The basis of our passion for games and play is as ancient as the world we live in. What is the fundamental need of living beings? Survival and the instinct for self-preservation? This is the accepted stereotype, although it is not the correct answer. Could it be the desire to reproduce? Again this is not the right answer. So, what is it then?

主要需求是能獨立管理自己的生活。這是所有生物行為的根本原則。其他一切，包括生存和繁殖本能，都是這主要原則的結果。換句話說，所有生物的目標和目的是控制自己的現實。

The primary need is to be able to independently manage our own lives. This is the fundamental principle underlying the behaviour of all living beings. Everything else, including survival and reproductive instincts are a consequence of this main principle. In other words, the goal and purpose of all living beings is to control their reality.

然而，如果外部世界獨立於你，行為完全不可控甚至敵對，控制現實不可能。總有他人想偷你的食物、趕你出舒適角落，甚至把你當下一餐。當你無法選擇生活方式，感覺生活只是“發生”在你身上，無能為力，這很難甚至可怕。這引發了迫切且有時無意識的控制周圍世界的渴望。

However, it is impossible to control reality if the outside world exists independently of you and behaves in a totally uncontrollable or even hostile manner. There will always be others who want to steal your food, drive you out of a cosy corner or even devour you as their next meal. It is hard and even scary when you are not choosing how to live your life and you feel that life is just happening to you instead and there is nothing you can do about it. This gives rise to the insistent and sometimes unconscious desire to control the world around you.

這結論讓許多人驚訝：“一直顯而易見的是生存本能是首要的，現在你告訴我們這只是更根本東西的結果？”

This conclusion will come as a surprise to many: “It has always been obvious that the survival instinct was primary and now you are telling us that is it in fact just a consequence of something more fundamental?”

乍看奇怪。細想，生物從事的任何活動（包括生存和繁殖）都歸結於試圖控制世界現實。這是一切生物活動背後意圖 (Intention) 的關鍵動機和主要起源。

It only seems strange at first. When you think about it, whatever activity a living creature is engaged in (including survival and reproduction) everything comes down to the attempt to bring the reality of the world under control. This is the key motive and primary origin of all intention underlying the activities of living beings.

不活動是缺乏控制。因此，無聊本身不存在。存在的是持續且無滿足的控制現實的渴望；以某種方式使其服從你的意志。在這意義上，遊戲是建模可控現實的方式。

Inactivity is the absence of control. Consequently, boredom as such does not exist. What exists is a consistent and insatiable thirst to control one’s reality; to somehow subject it to your own will. In this sense, a game is a way of modelling controllable reality.

例如，某些鳥喜歡玩松果。松果是獨立、不可控現實的粒子。一旦鳥將松果納入遊戲，這粒子及某程度現實本身變可控。

Some kinds of birds for example love to play with pine cones. The pine cone is a particle of an independent, uncontrollable reality. As soon as the bird makes the pine cone a piece of its game that particle and to some degree reality itself becomes controllable.

滑冰或滑動也是一種控制。現實帶我，但以我想要的方式。某程度上，其他遊戲遵循同樣規則：“成為我想要的。”遊戲劇本或多或少預定，使情況相當可預測。當然，有些遊戲更難引導，但所有遊戲基本上可歸結為一件事：用你的意志控制發生的事。

Skating or sliding is also a kind of control. Reality carries me but in the way I want it to. To some extent any other type of game follows the same rule: “Be what I want you to be”. The game script is more or less predetermined which makes the situation fairly predictable. There are, of course, other games in which is it more difficult to lead but all games can basically be reduced to one and the same thing: to control what is happening with your will.

對觀察者，任何可見奇觀代表建模控制現實的遊戲。音樂、書、電影和節目是心與頭腦的鞦韆。緊張思維的疲憊流停止，轉化為優雅旋律或迷人故事的飛翔。無論電影主角發生什麼，我們看的是馴服、訓練的現實版本，觀察者可放鬆享受。

To the observer any kind of visible spectacle represents a game which models the control of reality. Music, books, films and shows are all swings for the heart and mind. The exhausting stream of tense thoughts ceases and is transformed into a flight on the wings of an elegant melody or captivating story. Whatever might happen to the main characters in a film what we are watching is a tamed, trained version of reality and so the observer can relax and enjoy the show.

與現實的遊戲即使睡覺也不停止。心與頭腦在夢境世界中享受，現實被意圖的輕風微妙塑造。

Games in which we play with reality never cease even when we are sleeping. The heart and mind take pleasure in the world of dreaming where reality is subtly shaped to the light puff of intention.

最後，想像遊戲是另一種塑造現實的可接受方法。人甚至會編造尚未存在的現實，只是為了玩控制。科幻小說不尋常。只要它不真實且遠離我們生活，它保持不尋常。現實因接近而平凡，但因難影響而保留不可及的品質。

Finally, games of the imagination are another acceptable method of shaping reality. A person will even make up a reality that does not exist yet just to play at being in control. Science-fiction is unusual. It remains unusual for as long as it is unreal and far removed from our lives. Reality is commonplace because of its proximity and yet it retains a quality of being inaccessible because it is hard to influence.

一般來說，這些遊戲都不是為了對抗無聊而編造的。日常現實並不無聊；它之所以平凡，是因為它無法控制。讓日常現實遵循“如我所願”的規則很困難。因此，作為人類，我們努力在一切簡單可預測的遊戲中躲避現實的本質。

Generally speaking none of these games are made up in the effort against boredom. Everyday reality is not boring; it is mundane because it is uncontrollable. It is difficult to make everyday reality conform to the rule: “be as I want you to be”. Hence as human beings we strive to hide from the nature of reality in a game where everything is simple and predictable.

儘管如此，無法逃避現實的必然性。任何個人的生活都受其環境和社會地位的制約。大多數情況下，現實的發展與個人意志無關。每個“我想要”似乎都有個“你不能”。每個“給我”你會聽到“你得不到”。在這些條件下該怎麼辦？

Nonetheless, there is nowhere to hide from the inevitability of reality. The life of any individual is conditioned by their circumstances and position in society. Mostly, reality develops irrespective of personal will. To every “I want” there seems to be a “you cannot”. To every “give me” you will hear “you are not getting it”. So what is to be done given these conditions?

通常，人們的行為相當明確。為了得到想要的，他們試圖以線性、直接的方式影響環境，遵循“給我”的原則。基於直接接觸的影響是一種控制形式。但這不是唯一形式，也遠非最有效。

As a rule people are fairly unambiguous in their behaviour. In trying to get what they want they try to influence their environment in a linear, direct way according to the principle of “give it to me”. Direct influence based on immediate contact is one form of control. But it is not the only form and is by far the most effective.

我們將以不同方式行事。我們將雙手藏在背後，讓世界主動滿足我們的願望。接下來的一切將關於如何做到這一點。Transurfing是一種不通過直接影響控制現實的技術，不是為了遊戲的樂趣，而是真實的。

We will go about things in a different way. We will hide our hands behind our back and make the world meet our desires half-way. Everything that comes next will relate to how we can do this. Transurfing is a technique for controlling reality without direct impact, only not for fun as in a game, but for real.

意圖的起源

The Origin of Intention

人們與外部世界的關係的一個特徵是，任何新的事物最終都會被視為平凡的事物。就像天空中的雲朵，現實的外觀不斷變化，但變化的速度對我們來說太慢，無法察覺。物質實現（material realisation）在替代空間（alternatives space）中的運動就像雲形成過程中的運動。我們只能在它被拍攝下來並加速播放時才能感知到它。

A characteristic feature of the relationship people have with the outside world is that anything new is eventually treated as something mundane. Like clouds in the sky, reality constantly changes in appearance, but the rate of change is too slow for us to perceive. The movement of material realisation through the alternatives space is like the movement involved in cloud formation. We can only perceive it when it is captured on film and the footage is sped up.

即使是短暫地照亮生活的變化的新鮮感也會迅速變得乏味。不同尋常的變成了普通，盛宴的樂趣溶解成日常的例行公事。生活變得無聊……

Even the freshness of change that brightens life in short bursts dulls just as quickly. The unusual becomes the ordinary and the delight of the feast dissolves into the everyday routine. Life becomes boring…

我想問一個修辭性問題：什麼是無聊？給無聊一個全面且易懂的定義是困難的。描述如何對抗無聊會更容易。為了應對日常生活的單調，心靈和思想編造了各種玩具和遊戲，幫助我們體驗一些新的和不尋常的事物。玩具是對抗無聊的良藥，而遊戲則是更好的解藥。

Just as a rhetorical question I would like to ask: What is boredom? It is difficult to give a comprehensive and intelligible definition of boredom. It would be easier to describe how to fight boredom. In an attempt to survive the monotony of everyday life the heart and mind make up all kinds of toys and games to help us experience something new and unusual. A toy is a good remedy for boredom and a game is an even better one.

除了滑冰，像捉迷藏、接球等遊戲也非常有趣且極受歡迎。隨著年齡的增長，人們想出更複雜的娛樂方式，從體育比賽到虛擬現實。許多職業本質上不過是一場遊戲。

Besides skating, games like hide-and-seek, catch etc are great fun and extremely popular. As a person gets older they think up more sophisticated means of amusing themselves from sports contests to virtual reality. Many professions are in essence nothing other than a game.

為什麼我說很多？試著說出一個無法被視為遊戲的職業。無論一個人做什麼，實際上他們只是在玩。在他們的優越感中，大人稱孩子所做的為遊戲，但成年人也在玩。只不過他們自以為是地將自己的“玩耍”稱為工作。

Why do I say many? Try and name a profession that could not be perceived as a game. Whatever a person does, in reality they are just playing. In their superiority grown-ups call what children do a game but adults are also playing. It is just that they self-importantly refer to their ‘play’ as work.

兩者對自己的活動都持有非常負責的態度。問一個孩子他們在做什麼，他們會非常認真地回答你，甚至是誠懇地說：“我在玩！”試著分散一個成年人對工作的注意，他們會憤怒地回應：“我在做重要的事情。”

Both take a very responsible attitude towards their activities. Ask a child what they are doing and they will answer you with great seriousness, even earnestness: “I am playing!” Try distracting an adult from their work and they will respond with indignation; “I am doing something important”.

所以遊戲是一件嚴肅的事情。當孩子不忙於遊戲時，他們通常只是閒逛。那成年人呢？他們懶散；這就是成年人所稱的。但無所事事很快就會變得無聊，然後你會想要玩一個新遊戲。

So the game is a serious matter. What does a child do when they are not occupied with a game? As a rule they just muck about. So what about the grown- ups? They slob out; that is just what the adults call it. But doing nothing soon becomes boring and then you want to play a new game.

那麼，如果遊戲只是為了緩解生活的無聊，我們為什麼需要遊戲呢？讓我們換個問題：什麼導致無聊？或許是刺激不足？

So why do we need games if only to relieve the boredom of life? Let us put the question differently: what causes boredom? Insufficient stimulus perhaps?

這個問題並不像看起來那麼簡單。我們對遊戲和玩耍的熱情基礎與我們生活的世界一樣古老。生物的基本需求是什麼？生存和自我保護的本能？這是公認的刻板印象，儘管這不是正確的答案。那麼，是否是繁殖的渴望？這同樣不是正確的答案。那麼，究竟是什麼呢？

This question is not as trivial as it might seem. The basis of our passion for games and play is as ancient as the world we live in. What is the fundamental need of living beings? Survival and the instinct for self-preservation? This is the accepted stereotype, although it is not the correct answer. Could it be the desire to reproduce? Again this is not the right answer. So, what is it then?

主要需求是能夠獨立管理自己的生活。這是所有生物行為的基本原則。其他一切，包括生存和繁殖本能，都是這一主要原則的結果。換句話說，所有生物的目標和目的就是控制他們的現實。

The primary need is to be able to independently manage our own lives. This is the fundamental principle underlying the behaviour of all living beings. Everything else, including survival and reproductive instincts are a consequence of this main principle. In other words, the goal and purpose of all living beings is to control their reality.

然而，如果外部世界獨立於你而存在，並以完全不可控甚至敵對的方式行為，那麼控制現實是不可能的。總會有其他人想要偷走你的食物，將你驅逐出舒適的角落，甚至將你作為下一餐吞噬。當你無法選擇如何生活時，這是艱難甚至可怕的，你會感到生活只是發生在你身上，而你無能為力。這引發了對控制周圍世界的堅持且有時是無意識的渴望。

However, it is impossible to control reality if the outside world exists independently of you and behaves in a totally uncontrollable or even hostile manner. There will always be others who want to steal your food, drive you out of a cosy corner or even devour you as their next meal. It is hard and even scary when you are not choosing how to live your life and you feel that life is just happening to you instead and there is nothing you can do about it. This gives rise to the insistent and sometimes unconscious desire to control the world around you.

這一結論將讓許多人感到驚訝：“生存本能一直是顯而易見的，而現在你告訴我們這實際上只是更基本的東西的結果？”

This conclusion will come as a surprise to many: “It has always been obvious that the survival instinct was primary and now you are telling us that is it in fact just a consequence of something more fundamental?”

起初這似乎很奇怪。當你思考時，無論一個生物從事什麼活動（包括生存和繁殖），一切都歸結於試圖將世界的現實納入控制。這是所有意圖的關鍵動機和主要來源，支撐著生物的活動。

It only seems strange at first. When you think about it, whatever activity a living creature is engaged in (including survival and reproduction) everything comes down to the attempt to bring the reality of the world under control. This is the key motive and primary origin of all intention underlying the activities of living beings.

不活動是缺乏控制。因此，無聊本身並不存在。存在的是對控制自己現實的持續且無法滿足的渴望；以某種方式將其服從於自己的意志。在這個意義上，遊戲是一種建模可控現實的方式。

Inactivity is the absence of control. Consequently, boredom as such does not exist. What exists is a consistent and insatiable thirst to control one’s reality; to somehow subject it to your own will. In this sense, a game is a way of modelling controllable reality.

例如，一些鳥類喜歡玩松果。松果是一個獨立且不可控現實的粒子。當鳥將松果變成其遊戲的一部分時，那個粒子在某種程度上以及現實本身變得可控。

Some kinds of birds for example love to play with pine cones. The pine cone is a particle of an independent, uncontrollable reality. As soon as the bird makes the pine cone a piece of its game that particle and to some degree reality itself becomes controllable.

滑冰或滑行也是一種控制。現實帶著我，但以我想要的方式。某種程度上，任何其他類型的遊戲都遵循相同的規則：“成為我想要的樣子”。遊戲劇本或多或少是預定的，這使得情況相當可預測。當然，還有其他更難以引導的遊戲，但所有遊戲基本上都可以歸結為一件事：用你的意志控制正在發生的事情。

Skating or sliding is also a kind of control. Reality carries me but in the way I want it to. To some extent any other type of game follows the same rule: “Be what I want you to be”. The game script is more or less predetermined which makes the situation fairly predictable. There are, of course, other games in which is it more difficult to lead but all games can basically be reduced to one and the same thing: to control what is happening with your will.

對於觀察者來說，任何可見的景象都代表著一種模擬現實控制的遊戲。音樂、書籍、電影和表演都是心靈的搖擺。疲憊的緊張思緒停止，轉化為在優雅旋律或迷人故事的翅膀上飛翔。無論電影中的主要角色發生什麼，我們所觀看的都是現實的馴服和訓練版本，因此觀察者可以放鬆並享受表演。

To the observer any kind of visible spectacle represents a game which models the control of reality. Music, books, films and shows are all swings for the heart and mind. The exhausting stream of tense thoughts ceases and is transformed into a flight on the wings of an elegant melody or captivating story. Whatever might happen to the main characters in a film what we are watching is a tamed, trained version of reality and so the observer can relax and enjoy the show.

我們與現實玩耍的遊戲即使在我們睡覺時也從未停止。心靈在夢境的世界中獲得快樂，現實在意圖的輕輕吹拂下微妙地塑造。

Games in which we play with reality never cease even when we are sleeping. The heart and mind take pleasure in the world of dreaming where reality is subtly shaped to the light puff of intention.

最後，想像的遊戲是塑造現實的另一種可接受的方法。人們甚至會編造一個尚不存在的現實，只是為了玩弄控制的感覺。科幻小說是不同尋常的。它在不真實且遠離我們生活的時候仍然保持不尋常。現實因其接近而變得平常，然而它仍然保持著難以影響的特質。

Finally, games of the imagination are another acceptable method of shaping reality. A person will even make up a reality that does not exist yet just to play at being in control. Science-fiction is unusual. It remains unusual for as long as it is unreal and far removed from our lives. Reality is commonplace because of its proximity and yet it retains a quality of being inaccessible because it is hard to influence.

一般來說，這些遊戲並不是為了對抗無聊而編造的。日常現實並不無聊；它是平凡的，因為它是不可控的。要使日常現實符合“如我所願”的規則是困難的。因此，作為人類，我們努力在一個一切簡單且可預測的遊戲中隱藏現實的本質。

Generally speaking none of these games are made up in the effort against boredom. Everyday reality is not boring; it is mundane because it is uncontrollable. It is difficult to make everyday reality conform to the rule: “be as I want you to be”. Hence as human beings we strive to hide from the nature of reality in a game where everything is simple and predictable.

然而，沒有地方可以躲避現實的必然性。任何個體的生活都受到他們的環境和社會地位的制約。大多數情況下，現實的發展不受個人意志的影響。對每一個“我想要”的背後似乎都有一個“你不能”。對每一個“給我”，你會聽到“你得不到它”。那麼，在這些條件下該怎麼辦呢？

Nonetheless, there is nowhere to hide from the inevitability of reality. The life of any individual is conditioned by their circumstances and position in society. Mostly, reality develops irrespective of personal will. To every “I want” there seems to be a “you cannot”. To every “give me” you will hear “you are not getting it”. So what is to be done given these conditions?

通常，人們的行為相當明確。在試圖獲得他們想要的東西時，他們會根據“給我”的原則以線性、直接的方式影響他們的環境。基於直接接觸的直接影響是一種控制形式。但這不是唯一的形式，並且遠非最有效的。

As a rule people are fairly unambiguous in their behaviour. In trying to get what they want they try to influence their environment in a linear, direct way according to the principle of “give it to me”. Direct influence based on immediate contact is one form of control. But it is not the only form and is by far the most effective.

我們將以不同的方式處理事情。我們會把手藏在背後，讓世界半途而遇我們的願望。接下來的一切都將與我們如何做到這一點有關。Transurfing是一種控制現實的技術，沒有直接影響，只是為了真實，而不是像遊戲那樣的娛樂。

We will go about things in a different way. We will hide our hands behind our back and make the world meet our desires half-way. Everything that comes next will relate to how we can do this. Transurfing is a technique for controlling reality without direct impact, only not for fun as in a game, but for real.